![]() ![]() However, accounts are usually not clear about how motivation functions during the application of willpower, or how motivation is related to effort. We agree that willpower is the psychological function that resists temptations-variously known as impulses, addictions, or bad habits that it operates simultaneously with temptations, without prior commitment and that use of it is limited by its cost, commonly called effort, as well as by the person's skill at executive functioning. Most authors who discuss willpower assume that everyone knows what it is, but our assumptions differ to such an extent that we talk past each other. The skill model has a surprising result: while cognitive control may be necessary for self-control exertions, expert agents will tend to rely much less on cognitive control than less skilled agents. The literatures on implementation intentions and motivation framing offer corroborating evidence for the theory. Skilled agents are able do this by means of flexible practical reasoning: a fast, context-sensitive type of deliberation that incorporates non-propositional representations (including feedback signals about strategy implementation, such as the feeling of mental effort) into the formation of the practical intentions that structure self-control exertion. This model accounts for skillful agency by tackling the guidance problem: how can agents transform their abstract and coarse-grained intentions into the highly context-sensitive, fine-grained control processes required to select, revise and correct strategies during self-control exertion? The skill model borrows conceptual tools from ‘hierarchical models’ recently developed in the context of motor skills, and asserts that self-control crucially involves the ability to manage the implementation and monitoring of regulatory strategies as the self-control exercise unfolds. ![]() Here I propose the skill model of self-control. ![]() However, no account has yet been proposed of the skillful agency that makes self-control exertion possible, and thus our understanding of self-control remains incomplete. It is also often stated that self-control exertions are intentional actions. Researchers often claim that self-control is a skill, an ability that threads cognitive and motivational processes together to achieve commitment-concordant action in the face of contrary motivations. ![]()
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